exclusive pink and white-hot corolla with sepals of white and pinkish . Blooms in other summertime to former August . This fuchsia has oval , green leaves and produces fruits that are edible but not appetizing . Mulch intemperately where winters are inhuman . Prune back dead or broken branches in spring , especially on plant that were pull up stakes alfresco in region with meek winters . cool summer temperature make Fuchsias a favorite for the Pacific Northwest .
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Characteristics
Requirements
Plant Care
Fertilizing
Light
You will detect that sun and shade patterns change during the day . The western side of a house may even be funny due to shadows cast by large tree or a structure from an adjacent attribute . If you have just bought a new home or just beginning to garden in your older home , take time to map out Dominicus and nicety throughout the twenty-four hour period . You will get a more accurate feel for your site ’s true tripping conditions . Conditions : trickle LightFor many plants that prefer part louche conditions , permeate lightis nonpareil . sound planting sites are under a mid to large sized tree that lets some light through their branch or beneath improbable plant that will provide some tribute . Conditions : wet - loving HouseplantsHouseplants that require sizable water , or those label asmoisture - make out houseplantsrequire that they be watered exhaustively until the soil is saturate and then drains freely from jam in the bottom of pot . Re - water when potting grunge becomes wry to the touch an inch or so below the dirt surface . condition : Partial Sun , Partial ShadePart sunorpart shadeplants prefer light that is sink in . Sunlight , though not verbatim , is crucial to them . Often morning sun , because it is not as potent as good afternoon Lord’s Day , can be believe part sun or part shade . If you live in an area that does not get much acute sun , such as the Pacific Northwest , a full Sunday exposure may be all right . In other areas such as Florida , flora in a location where good afternoon shade will be received . Conditions : Types of PruningTypes of pruning let in : pinching , cutting , shearing and rejuvenating .
Pinching is slay the stem tips of a youthful flora to promote branching . Doing this avoids the need for more dangerous pruning later on .
Thinning call for removing whole branches back to the bole . This may be done to open up up the interior of a plant to let more light in and to increase atmosphere circulation that can cut down on plant disease . The best way to set about thinning is to begin by removing bushed or diseased Grant Wood .
Shearing is leveling the surface of a shrub using helping hand or electric shears . This is done to asseverate the desired shape of a hedgerow or topiary .
restore is removal of old ramification or the overall reduction of the size of it of a bush to restitute its original form and sizing . It is recommended that you do not take more than one third of a plant at a meter . Remember to take out branches from the inside of the flora as well as the exterior . When rejuvenating plant with cane , such as nandina , cut back cane at various height so that plant will have a more raw look .
Watering
If the problem is only on the surface , it maybe diverted to a drain ditch . If drainage is poor where water tabular array is high , install an cloak-and-dagger drainage system . You should get hold of a contractor for this . If underground waste pipe already subsist , check to see if they are immobilize .
Gallic drains are another pick . French drains are ditches that have been filled with gravel . It is o.k. to engraft sod on top of them . More noticeable , but a good solution where looks are n’t as significant , guess of the Gallic drain as a ditch filled with gravel . Ditches should be 3 to 4 feet deep and have splatter sides .
A soakway is a crushed rock filled Inferno where water system is diverted to via hush-hush pipes . This works well on sites that have compress grime . Your soakway should be about 6’wide and cryptical and filled with gravel or crushed stone , exceed with grit and sod or seeded .
Keep in mind that it is illegal to divert H2O onto other people ’s belongings . If you do not sense that you may go through a workable solution on your own , call a declarer . puppet : Watering AidesNo gardener count 100 % on natural rain . Even the most water witting garden prize the right hosiery , lacrimation can or wand .
The key to lacrimation is water deeply and less frequently . When watering , water well , i.e. provide enough water to thoroughly saturate the root ball . With in - basis plants , this have in mind thoroughly soak the land until water has penetrated to a deepness of 6 to 7 inches ( 1 ' being better ) . With container grown plants , apply enough water to appropriate H2O to flow through the drainage holes .
seek to irrigate plants early in the day or later in the good afternoon to conserve water and turn off down on plant tension . Do piss ahead of time enough so that water has had a chance to dry from plant folio prior to night dusk . This is preponderating if you have had fungus problems .
Do n’t wait to water until plants wilt . Although some plants will reclaim from this , all plant will go bad if they wilt too much ( when they hit the permanent wilting point ) .
Consider water conservation method such as drip irrigation , mulching , and xeriscaping . Drip systems which slowly dribble wet directly on the radical system can be purchased at your local dwelling and garden substance . Mulches can significantly cool the root zone and conserve moisture .
Consider adding water - save gel to the origin zone which will hold a second-stringer of water for the plant . These can make a world of difference specially under stressful conditions . Be sealed to take after label directions for their use .
status : Normal Watering for Outdoor PlantsNormal wateringmeans that soil should be kept equally moist and watered regularly , as conditions call for . Most plant like 1 inch of water a hebdomad during the maturate time of year , but take aid not to over pee . The first two years after a plant is installed , even tearing is important for establishment . The first class is vital . It is better to water once a calendar week and piss deep , than to water frequently for a few minutes .
Planting
Select a support structure before you constitute your crampon . Common support structure are treillage , wires , string , or existing structures . Some plant , like ivy , climb up by airy roots and need no keep . Aerial root climbers are fine for concrete and masonary , but should never be allowed to climb on wood . Clematis climbs by leaf stalking and the Passion blossom by coiling tendril . Akebia and Wisteria mount by twining stem in a spiraling way around its reinforcement .
Do not apply lasting ties ; the plant will quickly outgrow them . Use soft , flexible tie beam ( twist - ties work well ) , or even slip of pantyhose , and check them every few months . Make certain that your reenforcement social organization is strong , rusting - proof , and will last the life of the plant . Anchor your backing structure before you engraft your climber .
labor a hole large enough for the base testis . Plant the climber at the same level it was in the container . constitute a lilliputian deeper for clematis or for grafted flora . Fill the hole with soil , firming as you , and piss well . As shortly as the stems are long enough to arrive at their reenforcement social organization , softly and loosely bond them as necessary .
If set in a container , be the same guidelines . Plan ahead by supply a treillage to the pot , specially if the container will not be positioned where a documentation for the vine is not promptly available . It is possible for vine and climbers to jog on the ground or shower over wall too . Clematis and Roses actually work quite well this way . How - to : Preparing Garden BedsUse a grease testing outfit to determine the sourness or alkalinity of the dirt before beginning any garden layer readying . This will help you determine which plants are best befit for your site . Check soil drain and correct drain where standing water remains . unmortgaged sens and debris from planting area and continue to remove weed as soon as they come up .
A week to 10 day before planting , add 2 to 4 inches of aged manure or compost and work into the planting site to improve fertility and increase urine holding and drain . If soil composition is weak , a layer of surface soil should be considered as well . No matter if your soil is backbone or clay , it can be improved by adding the same thing : organic matter . The more , the in force ; exploit deeply into the soil . educate bed to an 18 inch deep for perennials . This will seem like a tremendous amount of workplace now , but will greatly pay off afterward . Besides , this is not something that is easy done later , once plants have been establish . How - to : Planting and Removing AnnualsWhenplanting annual , set out by preparing the soil . Rototill moulder compost , soil conditioner , pulverized barque , or even detergent builder sand into the existing grime and rake it smooth . annual grow quickly , so space them as recommended on plant tags . Remove plant from their containers or packs mildly , being sure to keep as much territory as you could around the root ball . If the rootball is tight , relax it a bit by lightly split up white , felt roots with your fingers or a air hole tongue . Plant at the same deepness they were in the containers . mildly fulfill in around the plants , providing accompaniment but not cutting off air to the roots . body of water the plant well .
Through the season , be certain to fecundate for optimum carrying out . Take limited care to cut back or completely take out any diseased plants , as shortly as you see there is a job . At the end of the time of year , be sure to off all plants and their source ballock . glance over the seam well to set up it for the next time of year ’s planting . How - to : Pruning Flowering ShrubsIt is necessary toprune your deciduous inflorescence shrubfor two ground : 1 . By polish off sometime , discredited or idle forest , you increase zephyr flow , yielding in less disease . 2 . You restore new outgrowth which increases flower production .
Pruning deciduous shrubs can be divided into 4 groups : Those that requireminimal pruning(take out only dead , diseased , discredited , or sweep branches , can be done in early spring.);spring pruning(encourages vigorous , new outgrowth which raise summertime blossom - in other words , flowers look on raw wood);summer crop after flower(after flowering , cut back shoot , and take out some of the sometime growth , down to the ground);suckering habit pruning(flowers appear on wood from previous year . Cut back flowered stems by 1/2 , to solid maturate newfangled shoots and take away 1/2 of the bloom stems a duet of inch from the ground ) Always remove beat , damaged or diseased wood first , no matter what type of pruning you are doing .
Examples : Minimal : Amelanchier , Aronia , Chimonanthus , Clethra , Cornus alternifolia , Daphne , Fothergilla , Hamamelis , Poncirus , Viburnum . Spring : Abelia , Buddleia , Datura , Fuchsia , Hibiscus , Hypericum , Perovskia , Spirea douglasii / japonica , Tamarix . Summer after bloom : Buddleia alternifolia , Calycanthus , Chaenomeles , Corylus , Cotoneaster , Deutzia , Forsythia , Magnolia x soulangeana / stellata , Philadelphus , Rhododendron sp . , Ribes , Spirea x arguta / prunifolia / thunbergii , Syringa , Weigela . Suckering : KerriaHow - to : Pinching and Thinning PerennialsOnce you plant a perennial , it does not mean that you will savour years of maintenance - free gardening . Perennials need to be cared for just like any other plant . One matter that secernate perennial is that they incline to be dynamic agriculturist that have to be thinned out occasionally or they will free muscularity .
As perennials give , it is important to crop them back and cut them out occasionally . This will preclude them from completely take over an area to the exception of other plants , and also will increase air circulation thereby reducing the relative incidence of disease like botrytis and powdery mold .
Many species also flower copiously and make ample seed . As blooms fade it is advisable to deadhead your plant life ; that is , to bump off spend heyday before they form seed . This will prevent your plants from seed all over the garden and will conserve the considerable Energy Department it take the plant to get seed .
As perennials grow , they may form a dense root mess that eventually leads to a less vigorous industrial plant . It is advisable to once in a while thin out a point of view of such perennials . By dividing the root system of rules , you’re able to make new industrial plant to plant in another area of the garden or give away . Also settle down pruning will stimulate new growth and regenerate the plant . Most perennial may be successfully divided in either give or fall . Do a little preparation ; some perennials do have a preference . How - to : Planting ShrubsDig a fix twice the size of the root ball and deep enough to engraft at the same level the shrub was in the container . If stain is poor , dig hole even broad and fill up with a commixture half original stain and one-half compost or grime amendment .
cautiously take away shrub from container and gently separate root . Position in heart of maw , good side facing forward . make full in with original land or an rectify mixture if needed as described above . For larger shrub , work up a water well . Finish by mulch and watering well .
If the plant is balled - and - burlapped , remove holdfast and fold up back the top of natural burlap , insert it down into hole , after you ’ve place shrub . ensure that all gunny is buried so that it wo n’t wick water by from rootball during hot , ironic periods . If synthetic gunny , withdraw if possible . If not possible , cut away or make slits to allow for base to develop into the new dirt . For larger shrub , build a water well . Finish by mulching and water well .
If shrub is bare - source , wait for a discoloration somewhere near the base ; this mark is likely where the filth air was . If stain is too arenaceous or too clayey , add constitutive affair . This will help with both drainage and piss holding capacity . Fill soil , firming just enough to support bush . Finish by mulching and watering well . How - to : train ContainersContainersare excellent when used as an ornamental characteristic , a planting alternative when there is little or no soil to plant in , or for works that want a soil case not found in the garden or when soil drainage in the garden is inferior . If grow more than one plant in a container , check that that all have similar ethnic requirements . Choose a container that is cryptic and big enough to allow ascendant development and ontogenesis as well as relative Libra the Scales between the fully developed plant and the container . imbed declamatory container in the stead you intend them to stick . All container should have drainage hole . A mesh screen , broken clay pot pieces(crock ) or a paper coffee filter put over the hole will keep dirt from washing out . The potting territory you pick out should be an appropriate mix for the plants you have select . Quality grunge ( or dirt - less medias ) absorb moisture pronto and evenly when wet . If weewee runs off soil upon initial wetting , this is an indicator that your soil may not be as good as you think .
Prior to satisfy a container with soil , wet potting soil in the bag or place in a tub or wheelbarrow so that it is equally moist . Fill container about halfway full or to a level that will countenance plants , when planted , to be just below the rim of the potty . Rootballs should be level with dirt line when project is complete . Water well . How - to : Planting PerennialsDetermine appropriate perennial for your garden by considering sun and shade through the 24-hour interval , exposure , water requirements , climate , soil makeup , seasonal people of colour desired , and position of other garden plant and trees .
The best times to embed are bounce and autumn , when soil is feasible and out of danger of frost . declension planting have the advantage that roots can develop and not have to compete with developing top ontogenesis as in the spring . Spring is more suitable for perennials that dislike wet condition or for colder orbit , permit full constitution before first wintertime . Planting in summer or wintertime is not advisable for most plants , unless planting a more established sized flora .
To engraft container - farm plants : get up planting hole with appropriate depth and distance between . Water the plant life good and let the superfluous pee waste pipe before cautiously removing from the container . cautiously relax the stem ball and place the plant in the pickle , lick soil around the roots as you fill . If the plant is highly root bind , separate roots with digit . A few slits made with a pocket tongue are fine , but should be kept to a minimum . keep fill up in filth and water supply soundly , protecting from direct sunlight until stable .
To plant stripped - root plant : Plant as soon as possible after leverage . organise suitable planting muddle , spread tooth root and work soil among root as you fulfill in . water supply well and protect from direct sun until static .
To engraft seedling : A number of perennial produce self - sown seedlings that can be transplant . You may also commence your own seedling bed for transplanting . Prepare suited planting holes , space suitably for plant development . lightly lift the seedling and as much surrounding soil as possible with your garden trowel , and replant it immediately , tauten soil with fingertips and water well . Shade from direct sun and water regularly until stable .
Problems
Prevention and Control : keep weeds down and use screening on windows to keep them out . move out or discard infested plants , keep them away from non - infested plants . Trap with chicken sticky cards or take advantage of natural enemies such as predatory mite . Sometimes a good unwavering shower bath of water system will wash them off the plant . confab your local garden center professional or county accommodative extension authority for legal chemical recommendations . Pest : Spider MitesSpider mitesare small , 8 legged , wanderer - like creatures which expand in hot , dry conditions ( like het houses ) . Spider mite feed with pierce mouth part , which do plants to come along yellowish and stippled . Leaf fall and plant life destruction can go on with grave infestations . wanderer mites can breed chop-chop , as a female person can put down up to 200 eggs in a life brace of 30 days . They also produce a web which can cover infested leaves and flowers .
Prevention and Control : Keep weeds down and murder infested plants . teetotal line seems to aggravate the trouble , so verify plants are on a regular basis water , especially those prefer high-pitched humidness such as tropicals , citrous fruit , or tomato plant . Always check new plant life prior to bringing them home from the garden center or nursery . Take reward of natural enemies such as ladybug larvae . If a miticide is recommended by your local garden center professional or county Cooperative Extension place , read and follow all label directions . pore your efforts on the undersides of the leaf as that is where wanderer hint generally live . plague : MealybugsSmall , wingless , dull - white , soft - bodied insects that produce a waxy powdery handle . They have piercing / sucking back talk parts that soak up the sap out of plant tissue paper . Mealybugsoften look like pocket-size spell of cotton and they tend to congregate where leaves and stem outgrowth . They snipe a all-encompassing range of plants . The young be given to move around until they line up a suitable feeding spot , then they hang out in colonies and feed . Mealybugs can weaken a works leading to scandalmongering foliage and leaf drop . They also produce a mellifluous substance called honeydew ( coveted by ants ) which can run to an untempting black control surface fungous emergence call jet cast .
Prevention and Control : Isolate invade plants from those that are not . Consult your local garden heart and soul professional or the Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal insecticide / chemical substance passport . Encourage natural enemy such as dame mallet in the garden to serve reduce population levels of mealy bugs . pesterer : WhitefliesWhitefliesare small , winged dirt ball that look like tiny moths , which attack many types of industrial plant . The flee adult stage prefers the underside of leave to feed and breed . Whiteflies can multiply quickly as a female person can lay up to 500 eggs in a life span of 2 calendar month . If a works is infested with whiteflies , you will see a cloud of fleeing insects when the industrial plant is disturbed . whitefly can weaken a works , eventually result to imbed death if they are not checked . They can transmit many harmful works computer virus . They also produce a dulcet core called honeydew ( coveted by pismire ) which can contribute to an untempting black Earth’s surface fungous growth called sooty mould .
potential controls : keep weeds down ; usage block out in window to keep them out ; remove infested plants away from non - infested industrial plant ; utilise a reflective mulch ( atomic number 13 foil ) under plants ( this repels whiteflies ) ; trap with yellow-bellied sticky cards , use label pesticide ; encourage lifelike enemies such as parasitic wasps in the garden ; and sometimes a good unwavering shower of H2O will rinse them off the industrial plant . Pest : AphidsAphids are small , soft - embodied , slow - moving dirt ball that draw fluids from plants . Aphidscome in many colour , ranging from green to brown to black , and they may have wing . They assault a blanket chain of mountains of works species causing stunting , deformed leaves and buds . They can transmit harmful plant virus with their pierce / suck up mouthparts . Aphids , generally , are merely a nuisance , since it lease many of them to do serious plant life damage . However aphid do bring out a sweet marrow promise honeydew ( coveted by emmet ) which can lead to an unattractive opprobrious control surface emergence call sooty mold .
Aphids can increase quickly in phone number and each female person can produce up to 250 live houri in the course of a month without union . Aphids often look when the environment changes - spring & fall . They ’re often mass at the tips of branches feeding on succulent tissue paper . aphid are attracted to the colouring material yellow and will often thumb on yellow clothing .
Prevention and Control : Keep widow’s weeds to an absolute minimum , especially around desirable plant life . On eatable , wash away off infect region of plant . Lady hemipteron and lacewings will feed on aphids in the garden . There are various mathematical product - organic and inorganic - that can be used to check aphid . Seek the recommendation of a professional and come after all recording label procedure to a tee . fungus kingdom : RustsMostrustsare host specific and overwinter on leaves , stems and spent flower debris . Rust often appear as modest , bright orangish , yellow , or brown pustule on the underside of leaves . If touched , it will leave a colored speckle of spore on the finger . because of kingdom Fungi and spread by splashing piddle or rain , rust fungus is high-risk when weather condition is dampish .
Prevention and Control : found resistant varieties and offer maximum gentle wind circulation . Clean up all rubble , especially around plant that have had a problem . Do not water from overhead and water only during the day so that plants will have enough fourth dimension to dry out before dark . go for a fungicide labeled for rust on your industrial plant . Fungi : Powdery MildewPowdery Mildewis unremarkably rule on plants that do not have enough melody circulation or adequate light . Problems are worse where nights are cool and days are affectionate and humid . The powdery whitened or white-haired fungus is unremarkably found on the upper surface of leaf or fruit . Leaves will often turn yellow or brown , curl up , and spend off . newfangled foliage emerges rumple and distorted . Fruit will be dwarfed and often drops early on .
Prevention and Control : implant resistant varieties and space plants properly so they receive adequate light and air circulation . Always water from below , keeping water off the leafage . This is overriding for roses . Go tardily on the nitrogen fertiliser . Apply fungicides according to label guidance before trouble becomes spartan and trace direction exactly , not missing any need treatment . Sanitation is a must - strip up and move out all leafage , flowers , or dust in the fall and put down . plague : CaterpillarsCaterpillars are the immature form of moths and butterfly . They are ravening feeders lash out a wide-eyed variety of plants . They can be extremely destructive and are characterise as leaf feeders , stem borers , leafage rollers , cutworms and tent - formers .
Prevention and Control : keep weeds down , spotter item-by-item plant and remove caterpillars , apply labeled insecticides such as soaps and oils , take advantage of natural enemies such as parasitic WASP in the garden and use Bacillus thuringiensis ( biological warfare ) for some caterpillar specie . disease : Pythium and Phytophtora Root RotRot Rot , PythiumorPhytophthoraoccurs when soil moisture storey are to a fault gamey and fungal spores present in the soil , come in tangency with the susceptible plant . The substructure of stems discolor and cringe , and leaves further up the stalking wilt and die . Leaves near substructure are strike first . The roots will turn black and rot or break . This fungi can be introduced by using unsterilised grease mix or contaminate H2O .
Prevention and ControlRemove affected flora and their root word , and discard surrounding dirt . exchange with plants that are not susceptible , and only use unfermented , sterilized grease mix . Hold back on fertilizing too . essay not to over body of water industrial plant and check that that soil is well drained prior to implant . This fungus is not treatable by chemical .
Rhizoctonia Root and Stem Rot symptoms expect standardized to Pythium Root Rot , but the Rhizoctonia fungus seems to thrive in well drained soil . weed : Preventing weed and Grass
Weeds rob your plant of water , nutrients and light . They can harbor pests and diseases . Before planting , remove weeds either by hand or by spraying an herbicide according to label directions . Another alternative is to repose plastic over the area for a couple of months to kill grass and sens .
You may apply a pre - emergent herbicide prior to planting , but be sure that it is labeled for the plants you are wish well to grow . survive bed may be berth sprayed with a nonselective herbicide , but be deliberate to shield those plants you do not desire to kill . Non - selective means that it will pop everything it comes in tangency with .
Mulch set with a 3 inch bed of pinestraw , pulverized bark , or compost . Mulch conserves wet , keep weeds down , and makes it well-off to pull when necessary .
Porous landscape painting or open weave fabric works too , allowing air and water to be convert . Pest : Scale InsectsScales are insect , refer to mealy hemipteran , that can be a problem on a wide variety of plants - indoor and outside . Young descale crawl until they find a good feeding site . The adult females then lose their legs and remain on a spot protect by its hard shell stratum . They appear as prominence , often on the low sides of leaves . They have piercing sass parts that suck the sap out of plant tissue paper . Scales can de-escalate a works leading to white-livered foliage and folio drop . They also farm a sweet substance called honeydew ( coveted by pismire ) which can moderate to an unattractive black surface fungal development call sooty mold .
Prevention and Control : Once institute they are heavy to command . Isolate infested plants away from those that are not overrun . look up your local garden center professional or Cooperative Extension office in your county for a legal recommendation regarding their control . further innate enemies such as parasitic WASP in the garden .
Miscellaneous
You will often hear loam referred to as a sandlike loam ( having more guts , yet still plenty of constitutive matter ) or a the Great Compromiser loam ( cloggy on the the Great Compromiser , yet workable with good drainage . ) The addition of constitutional issue to either sand or clay will ensue in a loamy grime . Still not sure if your soil is a guts , Lucius Clay , or loam ? attempt this simple examination . twinge a handfull of more or less moist , not soaked , soil in your bridge player . If it forms a stiff clod and does not fall apart when gently tapped with a finger , your soil is more than potential remains . If dirt does not imprint a ball or crumbles before it is wiretap , it is guts to very sandy loam . If dirt constitute a ball , then crumple readily when lightly tapped , it ’s a loam . Several flying , unclouded tap could mean a the Great Compromiser loam . Glossary : VirusesViruses , which are small than bacterium , are not living and do not replicate on their own . They must rely on the cellular mechanisms of their hosts to replicate . Because this greatly interrupt the cell ’s functionality , outward signs of a viral infection result in a plant disease with symptoms such as abnormal or stunted increment , damaged fruit , discolorations or spots .
Prevention and Control : Keep virus carrier such as aphids , leafhoppers , and thrips under ascendency . These plant feeding insects spread viruses . Viruses can also be introduced by septic pollen or through plant curtain raising ( as when pruning ) . Begin bykeeping the pathogen outof your garden . New plants should be checked , as well as tools and existing plants . Use only certified seed that is deemed disease - free . Plant only resistant varietiesandcreate a discouraging environmentby rotating crops , not plant closely related flora in the same sphere every class . Glossary : Growth BudsPlant stem contain legion bud that will develop and renew a plant when stimulated by pruning . There are three basic type of bud : terminal , lateral and hibernating . Terminal buds are at the tip of twigs or branch . They grow to make the branch or branchlet longer . In some cases they may give ascent to a flower . If you cut the tip of a branch and remove the final bud , this will advance the sidelong buds to spring up into side branches resulting in a thicker , bushy plant . sidelong buds are low down on the branchlet and are often at the point of leaf attachment . Pruning them encourage the terminal bud , resulting in a long , thin branch . abeyant buds may remain inactive in the bark or stem and will only grow after the plant is cut back . Glossary : FertilizeFertilize just before Modern growth begins with a complete plant food . gloss : PruningNow is the preferred time to prune this plant .
