When it add up to the natural beauty of forests and landscapes , pine trees play a important function . With their towering mien and distinctive characteristics , they add elegance and magical spell to any surround .
Identifying different types of pine tree can be a daunting experience for founding father since most of these trees have tight similarity . Thistree recognition guidewill assist you fend off confusion .
How to Identify Pine Trees by Needles
One of the cardinal features for identifying pine Tree is their needles . The shape , colouring material , and arrangement of needles can provide valuable clues about the tree specie . Here ’s a simpleguide to help you name pine treesbased on their needles :
Clustered Needles
Some pine Tree have needles that clump together . Examples let in the Pinus eldarica , Pinus bungeana , and Pinus coulteri . These needles typically grow in groups of two to five .
Single Needles
Other pine tree , such as the Pinus monophylla and Pinus jeffreyi , have undivided needles attached immediately to the branches . These needles are usually foresightful and lissome .
Bundles of Two Needles
The Pinus strobus , Pinus nigra , and Pinus resinosa are a few model of pine trees with needles bundled together in brace .
Bundles of Three Needles
Pine trees like Pinus densiflora and Pinus taeda have needles grouped in parcel of three .
Different Types of Pine Trees (With Pictures)
All pinetrees have needle leavesand cone . But these needle leave and cones have classifiable appearances due to different pine coinage . Here is a comprehensivelist of pine Tree in North America :
Eldarica Pine ( Pinus eldarica )
aboriginal to Afghanistan and Iran , the Eldarica Pine is a big tree with a unbowed proboscis . Its mature tree diagram bark is thick and scaly , with a reddish - chocolate-brown color .
The needles are retentive and unbendable , measuring around 5 to 8 inch in duration . This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can reach heights of 50 to 70 feet and is characterise by bombastic , heavy pine cones with robust scales .
It is an evergreentree that growsin an good mode and is often planted for its ornamental value . The Eldarica Pine boom in USDA zona 7 to 11 .
Texas Pinyon Pine ( Pinus remota )
The Pinyon pine species are among the types of pine trees for landscaping . It is a minuscule to medium - sized tree ideal for yard experiencing wearing .
The mature tree diagram bark is thin and scaly , with a grey - brown colouring . The needles are short , rigid , and develop in bundles of two , measuring around 1 to 2 inches long .
This tree typically reaches heights of 20 to 35 feet . The pine cones can grow up to 1 - 2 inches prospicient with heavyset exfoliation . The pine tree is drought - tolerant and well - adapted to the desiccated part of Texas .
It is often used for reforestation and erosion ascendence determination . The tree is suited for USDA zones 7 to 10 . But the pine tree can also tolerate extreme condition .
Japanese Red Pine Tree ( Pinus densiflora )
The red pine tree mintage are usually grow in Japan and Korea . It is a average - sized evergreen Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree with a rounded crown . The mature tree bark has a reddish - brown color and uprise a scaly grain .
The needles are medium - distance and measure 2 to 4 inches foresighted with a slightly twisted visual aspect . This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can hit heights of 40 to 60 ft .
The pine cones are low to average - sized and turn up to 1.5 - 2 inches prospicient with thin scale of measurement . It is wide work for its ornamental value and is worthy for USDA zones 5 to 8 .
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine Tree ( Pinus longaeva )
The pine tree diagram is endemic to the Great Basin region of the western United States . It is sleep with for its longevity and resilience . The mature Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree barque is reddish - brown and originate deep furrows .
The unforesightful needles appraise around 0.5 to 1 inch in length and have a twisted appearance . This behind - growing tree can progress to heights of 40 to 60 feet .
The little pine cones valuate 2 to 3 inch farsighted and have thick scale with bristle . It is extremely valued for its unique beauty and is often used in bonsai refinement . It thrives in USDA zones 4 to 7 .
Single - Leaf Pinyon Pine Tree ( Pinus monophylla )
The pinetree planthails from the western United States . It is a small to medium - sized evergreen Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree . The fledged tree diagram bark is light browned and develop a scaly grain .
The single needle are short and appraise 1.5 to 2.5 inches long with a rigid texture . This tree typically strive tiptop of 15 to 35 foot .
The small pine conoid measure 1.5 to 2 inch long and have wooden-headed scale of measurement . The Single - Leaf Pinyon Pine Tree is valued for its edible pine tree addict and is suitable for USDA geographical zone 7 to 8 .
Lacebark Pine Tree ( Pinus bungeana )
The pine tree diagram is aboriginal to China . This is a medium - sized evergreen tree with an attractive barque form . The maturetree barque has patch of white , gullible , and brownish , and peels off in lean , papery strip .
The needle are medium - length , measuring around 2 to 3 in long , and have a soft texture . This tree diagram can make summit of 40 to 60 feet .
The modest to average - sized pine cones measure out 2 to 3 inches retentive and have thin scales . The Lacebark Pine Tree is cultivate for its decorative bark and is desirable for USDA zones 4 to 7 .
MexicanWeeping Pine Tree(Pinus patula )
The weeping pine tree is endemic to Mexico and Central America . It is a large evergreen tree diagram with a graceful , crying mannequin . The mature Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree barque is coloured brown and educate shallow furrows .
The needles are intermediate - length and grow up to 3 - 4 inches recollective with a voiced grain . This tree can accomplish heights of 60 to 80 feet .
The intermediate - sized pine cone shape measure around 2 to 3 inches long and have thin scale . It is often used for landscape gardening due to its elegant appearance and is suitable for USDA zones 7 to 10 .
Maritime Pine Tree ( Pinus pinaster )
The pine Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree species are native to the coastal regions of southwestern Europe . It is a tall evergreen tree with a rugged show . The mature tree diagram barque is reddish - chocolate-brown and develops thick , deep fissure plates .
The longsighted needles measure around 6 to 9 inch in length and have a twisted grain . This tree can progress to heights of 60 to 100 feet .
They have intermediate - sized pine cones that measure out about 3 to 4 inches farsighted and have robust scale . It is valued for its timber and is also cultivated for its rosin output . It thrives in USDA zones 7 to 9 .
Mugo Pine Tree ( Pinus mugo )
The pine tree works is native to the pot of central and southern Europe . It is a compact evergreen plant bush or small tree . The mature tree diagram bark is morose brown and develop shallow furrows .
The poor needle - corresponding folio quantify around 1 to 2 inch long and have a stiff texture . This tree typically reaches heights of 4 to 12 feet .
The pine cones are small , measuring approximately 1 to 2 inches long , and have stocky musical scale . The Mugo Pine Tree is often used in sway gardens and as a bonsai specimen . It is suitable for USDA zones 2 to 7 .
Limber Pine Tree ( Pinus flexilis )
The limber pine trees are native to the westerly United States and Canada . It is a medium to large - sized evergreen tree with a whippy automobile trunk . The mature tree bark is grayish - brown and develops shallow line .
The long needles measure around 2.5 to 4 inch long and have a gentle grain . This tree can reach meridian of 40 to 60 foundation .
The average - sized pine retinal cone are around 2 to 4 inches long and have flimsy scales . The Limber Pine Tree is valued for its adaptability to rough clime and is suited for USDA zones 3 to 7 .
Jeffrey Pine Tree ( Pinus jeffreyi )
The pinetree typeis found in the westerly United States . It is a large evergreen plant tree diagram with a straight proboscis . The matured Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree barque is reddish - brown and develop thick , dental plate - similar scale .
The needles can grow up to 5 - 8 inches in length and have a distorted texture . This tree can reach pinnacle of 60 to 80 feet . The medium - size true pine cones measure 5 - 8 inches long and have racy scale .
The Jeffrey Pine Tree is valued for its attractive bark and is suitable for USDA zone 5 to 8 . These pine trees are an fantabulous option for landscaping .
Italian Stone Pine Tree ( Pinus pinea )
The pine tree is native to Mediterranean regions . It is a medium - sized evergreen tree diagram with a unsubtle umbrella - determine canopy . The mature Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bark is grayish - brown and develops shallow fissures .
The needles measure around 3 to 5 inches prospicient and have a soft texture . This tree diagram typically reaches heights of 40 to 70 metrical unit . The pine cones can originate up to 4 - 8 inches foresightful and have thickheaded scales .
The Italian Stone Pine Tree is cultivated for its edible pine tree nut and is suitable for USDA zones 7 to 9 . They require regular pruning to control their embodiment and peak .
Foxtail Pine Tree ( Pinus balfouriana )
These pine tree diagram plant arenative to the mountains of Californiaand Nevada . This medium to large - sized evergreen tree has a unique appearance .
The ripe Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree barque is grayish - brown and develop shallow line . The needles are average - length , measuring about 2 to 3 inch long , and have a soft grain .
This easy - growing tree can hit heights of 30 to 60 feet . The pine cones measure out around 3 to 5 inches long and have slender scale . It is well - conform to high - altitude environments and is suitable for USDA zones 6 to 9 .
Austrian Pine Tree ( Pinus spade )
The pine tree plant herald from key and Southern Europe . It is a large evergreen tree with a dense pyramidal crown . The ripe Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bark is dark gray - brownish and develops deep fissures .
The average - sized needle measure around 3 to 5 inch long and have a stiff texture . This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can pass top of 50 to 80 pes .
They have intermediate - sized strobile that measure 2 to 4 inches farsighted and have full-bodied scales . The Austrian Pine Tree is often used for windbreaks and as a timber source . It expand in USDA zone 4 to 7 .
Aleppo Pine Tree ( genus Pinus halepensis )
This medium - sized evergreen plant pine tree has a rounded canopy and is native to the Mediterranean neighborhood . The ripe Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bark is dark grayish - chocolate-brown and develop a deeply fissure texture .
The intermediate - sized needles measure around 3 to 5 inch farseeing and have a stiff texture . This tree diagram typically reaches heights of 40 to 60 feet .
The medium - sized pine cones measure about 2 to 3 inches foresightful and have thick scales . The AleppoPine Treeis known for its resilience to drouth and is suitable for USDA geographical zone 8 to 10 .
Japanese Black Pine ( Pinus thunbergii )
Native to coastal areas of Japan , the Japanese Black Pine is a average - sized evergreen plant tree with a tough and distorted visual aspect . The fledged tree barque is obscure brown and develops shallow furrow .
The needle are average - length and criterion around 3 to 5 in long with a stiff texture . This tree can hand heights of 20 to 80 feet .
The pine cones are small to medium - sized ( 1.5 to 3 column inch long ) and have robust ordered series . The Japanese Black Pine is often used in bonsai cultivation and is suitable for USDA zones 5 to 9 .
Spruce Pine ( Pinus glabra )
The spruce pine tree diagram is native to the southeastern United States . It is a medium - sized evergreen plant Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree with a conical canopy . The ripe tree barque is reddish - dark-brown and develops shallow furrows .
The medium - lengthed phonograph needle measure around 2 to 4 inch long and have a soft texture . This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can reach heights of 40 to 60 base .
The pine cones are modest to medium - sized , assess approximately 1.5 to 3 inch long , and have thin ordered series . The Spruce Pine is valued for its timber and is suitable for USDA zones 6 to 9 .
Sand Pine ( Pinus clausa )
The Baroness Dudevant true pine tree is endemic to the southeastern United States . It is a humble to medium - sized evergreen plant tree diagram with a bushy appearance . The ripe tree barque is scarlet - brown and grow shallow furrows .
The poor needles appraise around 1 to 2 inches foresighted and have a stiff grain . This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree typically extend to height of 20 to 40 feet . The minor pine cones are 1.5 to 2 column inch long and have duncical scales .
The Sand Pine is well - adjust to sandy soils and is often used for reforestation and eating away ascendance . It thrives in USDA zones 8 to 11 .
Pond Pine ( Pinus serotina )
This intermediate - sized evergreen tree diagram with an irregular treetop is native to the Southeastern United States . The ripe tree bark is red - brown and develop shallow furrows .
The needle are medium - length and metre 3 to 5 inch farsighted with a soft grain . This tree can touch heights of 40 to 60 feet .
The pine cones measure around 2 to 3 inches long and have thin scales . The Pond Pine is well - conform to wetland home ground and is often found near pond and swamp . It is worthy for USDA zones 7 to 9 .
Whitebark Pine ( Pinus albicaulis )
The white true pine Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree is indigenous in the eminent - elevation mountains of western North America . It is a small to average - sized evergreen tree with a twisted show .
Mature tree diagram bark is light grayish - brown and develops deep furrows . The needle - like leaves measure out around 2 to 3 inch long and have a unwavering grain . This tardily - growing Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can strive altitude of 20 to 60 foot .
The pine strobilus are medium to large - sized and measure 2 to 4 inch long with rich scales . It is extremely adapted to cold and bumpy environments and is important for wildlife home ground . It thrives in USDA zone 2 to 7 .
Two - Needle Pinyon Pine ( Pinus edulis )
The pine tree diagram type is native to the Southwestern United States . It is a small to medium - sized evergreen pine tree with a rounded canopy .
matured Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bark is grayish - brown and educate shallow line . The medium - lengthed needle quantify around 1.5 to 2.5 inches long and grow in pair . This tree diagram typically reaches stature of 20 to 40 invertebrate foot .
The pine cone are small to medium - sized , measuring about 1.5 to 2 inch long , and have thick scales . The Two - Needle Pinyon Pine is valued for its edible pine testis and is worthy for USDA zones 5 to 8 .
Red Pine ( Pinus resinosa )
The Red Pine is find in the Northeastern United States . It is a improbable evergreen tree with a straight trunk and impressive canopy to render shade .
Mature tree diagram bark is reddish - brown and develops thick , scaly plates . The average - sized needles mensurate around 4 to 6 inches foresighted and have a soft texture . This tree diagram can reach heights of 50 to 80 foot .
The pine cones are small to medium - sized , quantify around 1.5 to 3 inches long , and have tenuous scales . The Red Pine is commonly used for reforestation and lumber output . It thrive in USDA zones 3 to 7 .
Sugar Pine Tree ( Pinus lambertiana )
This large evergreen tree is native to the westerly United States and has a grandiloquent straightforward trunk . matured tree bark is dark dark-brown and develops deep furrows .
The long phonograph needle assess around 8 to 12 inch in length and have a flabby texture . This tree can make telling height of 150 to 200 feet , shit it one of the tall pine species .
The pine strobilus are the enceinte of any pine species measure 10 to 20 inches longsighted and have robust scales . The Sugar Pine Tree is treasure for its timber and is suited for USDA zones 5 to 7 .
Western White Pine Tree ( Pinus monticola )
The western snowy true pine tree is native to the western United States . It is a big evergreen plant tree with a straight trunk and a conic cap . The mature tree barque is grayish - dark-brown and develops shallow seam .
The long needle valuate around 2.5 to 4 inches long and have a soft texture . This tree can achieve heights of 80 to 150 feet . The pine cone shape are medium to gravid - sized and measure 4 to 8 inches long .
These needle - similar leaves have slight scales . The Western White Pine Tree is valued for its timber and is suitable for USDA zones 4 to 7 .
Eastern White Pine Tree ( Pinus strobus )
The bloodless pine tree is aboriginal to easterly North America . It is a enceinte evergreen tree diagram with a straight trunk and a cone-shaped crownwork . The mature tree bark is grey - brown and develops shallow furrows .
The long needle measure around 2.5 to 5 in retentive and have a easygoing texture . This tree can reach height of 70 to 100 foot . The pine cones appraise around 4 to 7 inch long and have thin scale .
The Eastern White Pine Tree is valued for its decorative stunner and is often used in landscaping . It thrives in USDA zones 3 to 8 .
Pitch Pine Tree ( Pinus rigida )
The pitch pine Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree are aboriginal to the Eastern United States . It is a average - sized evergreen plant tree diagram with a perverted and contorted appearance .
Mature tree diagram bark is dark red - chocolate-brown and get cryptical furrows . The medium - sized needles quantify around 3 to 5 inch foresightful and have a stiff texture . This tree typically reaches heights of 40 to 60 foot .
The pine strobilus are intermediate - sized , value about 2 to 3 column inch long , and have thick musical scale . The Pitch Pine Tree is known for its ability to hold harsh status , let in fervidness , and is suitable for USDA zones 4 to 8 .
Gray Pine Tree ( Pinus sabiniana )
The pine tree is also call the Foothill pine or Digger pine and hails from California state . This intermediate - sized evergreen plant tree diagram has a rounded crown for loose recognition .
Mature tree barque is grayish - dark-brown and develops cryptic furrows . The long acerate leaf mensurate 6 to 12 inches long and have a stiff texture . This tree can hit heights of 30 to 70 foot .
The pine cones are large , measuring around 6 to 10 inches long , and have robust shell . The Gray Pine Tree is well - adapt to dry , rocky habitats and is desirable for USDA zone 7 to 9 .
Coulter Pine ( Pinus coulteri )
The pine tree plant is aboriginal to the coastal mountains of California and the Northern Baja of California . It is a large evergreen pine Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree with a classifiable coming into court .
Mature tree bark is dark brown and originate mystifying furrows . The long needles measure around 8 to 12 inches prospicient and have a stiff grain . This tree can reach heights of 60 to 80 foot .
The pine cones of the Coulter Pine are among the large since each measures 8 to 15 inch long and has racy scales with precipitous spines . It is valued for its unique esthetic and is suitable for USDA zones 8 to 10 .
Ponderosa Pine ( Pinus ponderosa pine )
The pine tree species are found in North America and Canada . It is a large evergreen tree with a straight trunk and an open - rounded poll .
Mature Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bark is reddish - brown and develops duncish , puzzler - same plates . The long needle measure around 5 to 10 inches in distance and have a stiff grain .
This tree can reach superlative of 60 to 125 feet . The intermediate - size pine cones mensurate around 3 to 6 inch long and have robust scale . It is evaluate for its timber and is desirable for USDA zones 3 to 7 .
Lodgepole Pine ( Pinus contorta )
The pine tree is aboriginal to western North America . The medium - sized evergreen tree has a slender and cylindrical - shape torso .
fledged tree diagram bark is dark brown and develops scaly plates . The average - size needles measure around 1.5 to 3 inches retentive and have a twisted coming into court .
This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree typically reaches high of 40 to 80 feet . The pine cone are small to medium - sized quantity 1.5 to 2.5 inch long and have thin scales .
The pine tree industrial plant is know for its serotinous strobile , which require fire for their release and sprouting . The Lodgepole Pine is adaptable to various grunge condition and is suitable for USDA zones 3 to 7 .
Virginia Pine ( Pinus virginiana )
Native to the southeastern United States , the Virginia Pine is a modest to average - sized evergreen tree diagram with a rounded peak . The mature tree diagram bark is carmine - dark-brown and develop shallow wrinkle .
The short needles value around 1.5 to 3 inches long and have a stiff grain . This tree diagram typically reaches heights of 20 to 60 feet . The small to medium - sized pine cones quantify around 1.5 to 2.5 inches long .
The needle have thin scales and the pine can be used for re-afforestation or as a Christmas Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree due to its attractive phase . It prosper in USDA zones 5 to 8 .
Slash Pine ( Pinus elliottii )
These type of pine trees for landscaping are fast - grow and aboriginal to the Southeastern United States . The evergreen tree has a straight trunk with an open - pyramidic crown .
Mature tree barque is obscure brown and develops deep furrow . The medium - sized needle value around 6 to 9 column inch foresighted and have a flaccid grain .
This tree can hit heights of 60 to 100 groundwork . The intermediate - sized pine cone appraise 3 to 6 inches long and have racy weighing machine . It is valuate for its forest used in construction and newspaper production . It thrive in USDA zone 7 to 10 .
Loblolly Pine ( Pinus taeda )
The pine tree plant is aboriginal to the Southeastern United States . It is a large evergreen plant Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree with a straight trunk and a pyramidic pate .
Mature Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree barque is dour brown and develops scaly plates . The average - sized needle assess around 6 to 9 inches longsighted and have a soft texture .
Thesetypes of white pine treescan reach heights of 90 to 110 feet . The average - sized pine cone mensurate around 3 to 6 inch long and have robust scales . It boom in USDA zona 6 to 9 .
Bristlecone Pine ( Pinus aristata )
This pine tree species is autochthonal to the high elevation of the Western United States . It is a small to intermediate - sized evergreen plant tree with a perverted and gnarled appearance .
Mature tree diagram barque is light brown to grayish and grow abstruse furrows . The short needles appraise around 0.5 to 1 column inch long and have a strong texture .
This tardily - grow tree diagram can reach acme of 20 to 60 feet . The pine conoid are small and measures around 1 to 2 inches farseeing with tenuous scales .
Bristlecone Pines are among thetypes of pine trees for landscapingdue to their surpassing longevity and can thrive in extreme condition . They are worthy for USDA zones 3 to 7 .
Shortleaf Pine ( Pinus echinata )
These evergreen pine Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree species are native to the Southeastern United States . This medium - sized evergreen tree has a straight trunk with an open - rounded crown .
Mature tree barque is reddish - brown and develops scaly plates . The medium - sized needles measure around 3 to 5 inches long and have a soft texture . This tree typically reaches height of 60 to 80 feet .
The pine cones of the Shortleaf Pine are humble to medium - sized with a duration of 2 to 4 inch and have thin scale . The Shortleaf Pine is valued for its timbre and is suitable for USDA zones 6 to 9 .
Longleaf Pine ( Pinus palustris )
The longleaf pine tree diagram acclaim from the Southeastern United States . This large evergreen tree has a straight trunk with a pyramidal crown .
matured tree barque is reddish - brownish and develops deep furrows . The needles of the Longleaf Pine are retentive and measure out around 8 to 18 inches retentive with a flaccid texture .
This tree diagram can reach heights of 80 to 100 feet with pine cones measuring 6 - 10 column inch long and have robust scale . It is highly valued for its timber . It thrives in USDA zones 7 to 10 .
Jack Pine Tree ( Pinus banksiana )
The pine tree is native to North America . This small to medium - sized evergreen Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree has a scraggly and unpredictable form appearance .
ripe tree bark is grayish - brown and develop scaly crustal plate . The shortsighted needles measure around 1 to 2 inches long and have a stiff grain . This tree diagram typically reaches heights of 30 to 70 feet .
The pine cone are small to medium - sized measure around 1.5 to 3 inch tenacious with slender scales . The Jack Pine is well - adapted to harsh surround . It expand in USDA zones 2 to 6 .
Scots ( Scotch ) Pine Tree ( Pinus sylvestris )
The Scottish pine tree are native to Europe and some part of Asia . It is a average - sized evergreen tree diagram with a square trunk and an unfastened - rounded crown .
ripe tree bark is reddish - dark-brown and develops scaly dental plate . It has intermediate - sized motivation that measure about 1.5 to 3 inches with a stiff grain . This tree typically hit altitude of 50 to 80 feet .
The pine cones of the Scots Pine are minor to medium - sized measure around 1 to 2 in long with thin scales . It is ideal for re-afforestation or timber and resin yield . It thrives in USDA zone 3 to 7 .
The pine species hails from the Western United States and Canada . The turgid evergreen plant Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree has a straight bole with a conical canopy to offer shade .
Mature Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bark is grayish - brownish and develops shallow furrow . The long needles measure about 2.5 to 4 inches and have a soft texture .
This tree diagram can get hold of heights of 80 to 150 human foot . The pine cone are intermediate - sized ( 4 - 8 inch long ) and have tenuous scales . The Western White Pine Tree is valued for its timber and is suitable for USDA zones 4 to 7 .
The easterly blanched pine tree diagram is native to Eastern North America . The large evergreen tree has a straight trunk and a conic crown for easy designation .
fledged Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bark is grayish - brown and originate shallow furrows . The needles are long , evaluate around 2.5 to 5 inches long , and have a voiced grain .
This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree can reach altitude of 70 to 100 feet . The pine cones are average - sized ( 4 -7 inches long ) with thin plate . It is valued for its cosmetic beauty and is often used in landscape gardening . It thrives in USDA zones 3 to 8 .
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